Abstract

The global market of solar energy systems is currently experiencing a rapid growth, driven by

the increasing demand for renewable energy. To monitor the rapid expansion of solar energy,

aerial imagery combined with deep machine learning can be utilized. This study aims to assess

the market penetration and remaining potential for roof-mounted decentralized solar energy

across various market segments using these advanced technologies. Furthermore, the purpose is

to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of solar energy systems. The

findings reveal that the photovoltaic system penetration rates are generally consistent across all

the studied distributed market segments in Sweden, with a slightly higher rate for public

buildings. The penetration of solar thermal systems is lower in comparison and are most

common among single-family dwellings. Significant potential remains for rooftop solar

installations, with 64.1% of roof area available and suitable for solar energy. Regarding the

number of buildings, 76.9% of all buildings either lack or can enlarge an already existing solar

energy system. The remaining potential across the market segments varies slightly due to

different proportions of areas that are unsuitable for solar energy. The penetration rates are

highest in central city areas, but with just slightly lower rates in urban and rural areas. Socio-

economic factors such as educational level, employment rate, median income, and the proportion

of people aged 65+ are shown to influence solar energy adoption.